Tower of London test
Multi tool use
For the British palace, see Tower of London.
Screenshot of the PEBL psychology software running the Tower of London test
The Tower of London test is a test used in applied clinical neuropsychology for the assessment of executive functioning specifically to detect deficits in planning,[1][2] which may occur due to a variety of medical and neuropsychiatric conditions. It is related to the classic problem-solving puzzle known as the Tower of Hanoi.
The test consists of two boards with pegs and several beads with different colors. The examiner (usually a clinical psychologist or a neuropsychologist) uses the beads and the boards to present the examinee with problem-solving tasks.
Several variants of the test exist. Shallice's original test used three beads and pegs with different heights, although later researchers have generalized this to more beads without a peg height restriction.[3] Versions of the test are available from a number of sources, including a stand-alone test by William Culbertson and Eric Zillmer (published by Drexel University) and a child/adolescent version that is part of the original NEPSY neuropsychological battery of tests by Marit Korkman, Ursula Kirk, and Sally Kemp (although removed from the second edition). A computerised variant, known as the Stockings of Cambridge test, is available as part of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).
One common use is for diagnosis of executive impairment. The performance of the examinee is compared to representative samples of individuals of the same age to derive hypotheses about the person's executive cognitive ability, especially as it may relate to brain damage. A certain degree of controversy surrounds the test's construct validity.[4]
References
^ Shallice, T. (1982). "Specific impairments of planning". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 298 (1089): 199–209. Bibcode:1982RSPTB.298..199S. doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082. PMID 6125971..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Phillips, LH; et al. (2001). "Mental planning and the Tower of London task". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology - Section A-Human Experimental Psychology. 54 (2): 579–597. doi:10.1080/713755977. PMID 11394063.
^ Phillips, L. H.; V. Wynn; K. J. Gilhooly; S. Della Sala; R. H. Logie (1999). "The role of memory in the Tower of London task". Memory. 7 (2): 209–231. doi:10.1080/741944066. PMID 10645380.
^ Kafer, K. L.; Hunter, M. (1997). "On Testing the Face Validity of Planning/Problem-Solving Tasks in a Normal Population". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 3 (2): 108–119. PMID 9126852. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
Further reading
Davis, Andrew, ed. (2011). Handbook of Pediatric Neuropsychology. New York: Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8261-0629-2. Retrieved 28 May 2013. Lay summary – Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (17 June 2014).
External links
- Tower Of London Game
- PEBL Psychological Test Battery
Neuropsychological tests
|
|---|
| Battery |
- Cognistat
- Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
- Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment
- Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
|
| Arousal/Attention |
- Continuous Performance Task
- d2 Test of Attention
- Four boxes test
- Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test
- Morningness-eveningness questionnaire
- Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
- Posner cueing task
- Test of everyday attention
- Test of Variables of Attention
|
| Sensation/Perception |
- Bender-Gestalt Test
- Benton Visual Retention Test
- Dot cancellation test
- Judgment of Line Orientation
- Navon figure
- Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
|
| Memory |
- 1-2-AX working memory task
- California Verbal Learning Test
- Corsi block-tapping test
- Digit symbol substitution test
- Doors and People
- MCI Screen
- Test of Memory Malingering
- Wechsler Memory Scale
|
| Language |
- Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
- Boston Naming Test
- Comprehensive Aphasia Test
- Controlled Oral Word Association Test
- Thurstone Word Fluency Test
|
| Motor |
- Compensatory tracking task
- Purdue Pegboard Test
|
| Problem-solving |
- Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System
- Hayling and Brixton tests
- Tower of London
- Trail Making Test
- Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
|
| Sleep |
|
| Specific impairments |
- British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory
- Clinical Dementia Rating
Digit Cancellation Test (Alzheimer's)
- Disability Rating Scale
- Florida Cognitive Activities Scale
- Glasgow Coma Scale
- Glasgow Outcome Scale
- Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener
- Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire
|
| Intelligence |
- National Adult Reading Test
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
- Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
- Wechsler Test of Adult Reading
|
| Bed-side |
- Abbreviated mental test score
- Addenbrooke's cognitive examination
- General Practitioner Assessment Of Cognition
- Mini–mental state examination
|
| Social |
Vineland Social Maturity Scale |
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