Mineral acid


















Acids and Bases


  • Acid

  • Acid–base reaction

  • Acid strength

  • Acidity function

  • Amphoterism

  • Base

  • Buffer solutions

  • Dissociation constant

  • Equilibrium chemistry

  • Extraction

  • Hammett acidity function

  • pH

  • Proton affinity

  • Self-ionization of water

  • Titration

  • Lewis acid catalysis

  • Frustrated Lewis pair

  • Chiral Lewis acid

Acid types


  • Brønsted

  • Lewis

  • Acceptor

  • Mineral

  • Organic

  • Strong

  • Superacids

  • Weak

  • Solid

Base types


  • Brønsted

  • Lewis

  • Donor

  • Organic

  • Strong

  • Superbases

  • Non-nucleophilic

  • Weak

  • v

  • t

  • e


A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. All mineral acids form hydrogen ions and the conjugate base when dissolved in water.




Contents






  • 1 Characteristics


  • 2 World production


  • 3 Examples


  • 4 External links





Characteristics


Commonly used mineral acids are sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid (they are also known as bench acids). Mineral acids range from superacids (perchloric acid) to very weak (boric acid). Mineral acids tend to be very soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents.


Mineral acids are used in many sectors of the chemical industry as feedstocks for the synthesis of other chemicals, both organic and inorganic. Large quantities of these acids – especially sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid – are manufactured for commercial use in large plants.


Mineral acids are also used directly for their corrosive properties. For example, a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid is used for removing the deposits from the inside of boilers, with precautions taken to prevent the corrosion of the boiler by the acid. This process is known as descaling.



World production


























World Annual Production
2014
Acid
 tonnes
Sulfuric 200,000,000
Nitric 60,000,000
Phosphoric 38,000,000
Hydrochloric 20,000,000


Examples




  • Hydrochloric acid HCl


  • Nitric acid HNO3


  • Phosphoric acid H3PO4


  • Sulfuric acid H2SO4


  • Boric acid H3BO3


  • Hydrofluoric acid HF


  • Hydrobromic acid HBr


  • Perchloric acid HClO4


  • Hydroiodic acid HI



External links



  • Mineral Acids: Reregistration Eligibility Decision Fact Sheet – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency



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