TOPS-10
| Developer | Digital Equipment Corporation |
|---|---|
| Written in | MACRO-10, BLISS |
| OS family | DEC OS family |
| Working state | Discontinued |
| Latest release | 7.04[1] / July 1988 (1988-07) |
| Available in | English |
| Platforms | PDP-10 |
| Default user interface | Command line interface |
| License | Proprietary Free for personal use |
TOPS-10 System (Timesharing / Total Operating System-10) is a discontinued operating system from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for the PDP-10 (or DECsystem-10) mainframe computer family. Launched in 1967, TOPS-10 evolved from the earlier "Monitor" software for the PDP-6 and PDP-10 computers; this was renamed to TOPS-10 in 1970.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Release history
3 TOPS-10 today
4 Implemented programming languages
5 Implemented user utilities
6 Notable games implemented on TOPS-10
7 See also
8 References
Overview
TOPS-10 supported shared memory and allowed the development of one of the first true multiplayer computer games. The game, called DECWAR,[2] was a text-oriented Star Trek type game. Users at terminals typed in commands and fought each other in real time. TOPS-10 was also the home of the original Multi User Dungeon, MUD, the fore runner to today's MMORPGs.
Another groundbreaking application was called FORUM. This application was perhaps the first so-called CB Simulator that allowed users to converse with one another in what is now known as a chat room. This application showed the potential of multi-user communication and led to the development of CompuServe's chat application.
TOPS-10 had a very robust application programming interface (API) that used a mechanism called a UUO or Unimplemented User Operation. UUOs implemented operating system calls in a way that made them look like machine instructions. The Monitor Call API was very much ahead of its time, like most of the operating system, and made system programming on DECsystem-10s simple and powerful.
The TOPS-10 scheduler supported prioritized run queues, and appended a process onto a queue depending on its priority. The system also included User file and Device independence.
Release history
The PDP-6 Monitor software was first released in 1964. Support for the PDP-10's KA10 processor was added to the Monitor in release 2.18 in 1967. The TOPS-10 name was first used in 1970 for release 5.01. Release 6.01 (May 1974) was the first TOPS-10 to implement virtual memory (demand paging), enabling programs larger than physical memory to be run. From release 7.00 onwards, symmetrical multiprocessing was available (as opposed to the master/slave arrangement used before). The final release of TOPS-10 was 7.04[1] in 1988.
TOPS-10 today
Hobbyists are now entitled to set up and use TOPS-10 under a Hobbyist's License.[3]
The easiest way for the hobbyist to run TOPS-10 is to acquire a suitable emulator[4][5] and an operating system image.[6] TOPS-10 may also be generated from archived original distribution "tapes".[7][8]
Paul Allen maintained several publicly accessible historic computer systems, including a DECsystem-2065 running TOPS-10.[9]Request a login from Living Computers: Museum + Labs and try running TOPS-10 on the original equipment.
Implemented programming languages
The TOPS-10 assembler, MACRO-10, was bundled with the TOPS-10 distribution.
The following programming languages were implemented on TOPS-10 as layered products:
ALGOL, as ALGOL-10 v10B[10], a compiler used for general computing
APL, as APL-SF V2[11], an interpreter used for mathematical modelling
BASIC, as BASIC-10 v17F[12], an interpreter used for general computing
BLISS, as BLISS-10[13] and BLISS-36[14], compilers used for systems programming
COBOL, as COBOL-68[15] and COBOL-74[16], compilers used for business computing
Fortran, as FORTRAN-10 v11[17], a compiler used for numerical computing
The following programming languages were implemented on TOPS-10 as contributions from DECUS members:
FOCAL, as FOCAL-10
Forth, a threaded interpreted language- IMP72
Lisp, an interpreter used for AI programming
Pascal, a compiler used for computing education- PILOT
- SAM76
Simula, a compiler used for modeling
SNOBOL, an interpreter used for string processing
BCPL, a compiler implemented by Essex University
Implemented user utilities
The following major user utilities were implemented on TOPS-10:
RMS (Records Management Services)
IQL (Interactive Query language)
DBMS-10 (CODASYL Database Management System)
Notable games implemented on TOPS-10
- ADVENT
DECWAR, as noted above
FORUM, as noted above
HAUNT, an early role-playing game
Mac Hack, a chess program by Richard Greenblatt
- MUD
See also
- PDP-10
TOPS-20[18]
- WAITS
- Time-sharing system evolution
References
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^ http://hsnewman.freeshell.org/decwar.htm The Decwar Page
^ "Home hobbyist license for Digital's 36b software". inwap.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "Computer Simulation and History". simh.trailing-edge.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "KLH10 PDP-10 Emulator". klh10.trailing-edge.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "TOPS-10 pre-built image". www.steubentech.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "PDP-10 software archive". pdp-10.trailing-edge.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "Notes on DEC PDP-10 Emulation". asun.net. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "CLASSIC COMPUTING". paulallen.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ Algol Programmer's Guide (pdf). Digital Equipment Corporation. April 1977. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ APL-SF Language Manual (pdf). Digital Equipment Corporation. August 1979. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ BASIC Conversational Language Manual (pdf). Digital Equipment Corporation. March 1974. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ TOPS-10 Operating System Commands Manual (pdf). Digital Equipment Corporation. October 1988. p. 2-27. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
^ BLISS Language Guide (pdf). Digital Equipment Corporation. April 1983. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ TOPS-10/TOPS-20 COBOL-68 Language Manual (pdf). Digital Equipment Corporation. August 1981. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ TOPS-10/TOPS-20 COBOL-74 Language Manual (pdf). Digital Equipment Corporation. October 1985. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ TOPS-10/TOPS-20 FORTRAN Language Manual (pdf). Digital Equipment Corporation. May 1985. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ TOPS-20 was a name, not a direct followup to TOPS-10. TOPS-20 is, however, related to TENEX, which stands for TEN EXteneded
