List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 66th Congress by seniority
This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 66th United States Congress listed by seniority. For the most part, representatives are ranked by the beginning of their terms in office.[1]
As an historical article, the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 66th Congress (March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1921). Seats and party affiliations on similar lists for other Congresses will be different for certain members.
This article describes the criteria for seniority in the House of Representatives and sets out the list of members by seniority. It is prepared on the basis of the interpretation of seniority applied to the House of Representatives in the current congress. In the absence of information to the contrary, it is presumed that the twenty-first-century practice is identical to the seniority customs used during the 66th Congress.[2]
Contents
1 Seniority
1.1 House seniority
1.2 Committee seniority
2 Committees
3 List of Representatives by seniority
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Seniority
House seniority
Seniority in the House, for Congressmen with unbroken service, depends on the date on which the members first term began. That date is either the start of the Congress (4 March in odd numbered years, for the era up to and including the 73rd Congress starting in 1933) or the date of a special election during the Congress. Since many members start serving on the same day as others, ranking between them is based on alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman. If there is still a tie, then the first names are used.
Representatives who return to the House, after having previously served, are credited with service equal to one less than the total number of terms they served. When a representative has served a prior term of less than two terms (i.e., prior term minus one equals less than one), the member is ranked above all others whose service begins on the same day.
Committee seniority
At the start of the 66th Congress in 1919, the committee assignments were made by each party and then formally approved by the whole House. Each party controlled the committee ranking of its members, but usually this followed the order of seniority of members in terms of service on the committee. It was customary for members of a committee, in the previous congress, to be re-appointed at the start of the next.
A seniority rule was normally used to decide committee chairmen. The chairman was likely to be the majority member of a committee, with the longest continuous service on it. However, party leadership was typically not associated with seniority.[3]
Out of a group of fifty seven standing committee chairmen, at the start of this Congress, Nelson Polsby identified thirty five as the most senior member of the majority on the committee. In nineteen other cases, senior majority members were compensated for not being chairman of the committee (ten chaired another committee, eight received better committee assignments than in the previous Congress and one joined the leadership). In three instances there was no obvious compensation for the apparent violation of the seniority custom.[4]
Committees
This list refers to the standing committees of the House in the 66th Congress, the year of establishment as a standing committee (adoption of the name used in 1919), the number of members assigned to the committee and the corresponding committee in the current congress. Because of consolidation of committees and changes of jurisdiction, it is not always possible to identify a clear successor panel.[5]
No. | 1919 Committee | Established | Members | 2011 Committee |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Accounts | 1805 | 11 | House Administration |
2 | Agriculture | 1820 | 21 | Agriculture |
3 | Alcoholic Liquor Traffic | 1893 | 11 | Judiciary |
4 | Appropriations | 1865 | 35 | Appropriations |
5 | Banking and Currency | 1865 | 21 | Financial Services |
6 | Census | 1901 | 16 | Oversight and Government Reform |
7 | Claims | 1794 | 16 | Judiciary |
8 | Coinage, Weights and Measures | 1864 (1867) | 18 | Financial Services |
9 | Disposition of Executive Papers | 1911 | 2 | House Administration |
10 | District of Columbia | 1808 | 21 | Oversight and Government Reform |
11 | Education | 1867 (1883) | 15 | Education and the Workforce |
12 | Election of President, Vice President and Representatives | 1893 | 13 | House Administration |
13 | Elections No. 1 | 1789 (1895) | 9 | House Administration |
14 | Elections No. 2 | 1895 | 9 | House Administration |
15 | Elections No. 3 | 1895 | 9 | House Administration |
16 | Enrolled Bills | 1876 | 7 | House Administration |
17 | Expenditures in the Agriculture Department | 1889 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
18 | Expenditures in the Commerce Department | 1903 (1913) | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
19 | Expenditures in the Interior Department | 1860 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
20 | Expenditures in the Justice Department | 1874 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
21 | Expenditures in the Labor Department | 1913 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
22 | Expenditures in the Navy Department | 1816 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
23 | Expenditures in the Post Office Department | 1816 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
24 | Expenditures in the State Department | 1816 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
25 | Expenditures in the Treasury Department | 1816 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
26 | Expenditures in the War Department | 1816 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
27 | Expenditures on Public Buildings | 1816 | 7 | Oversight and Government Reform |
28 | Foreign Affairs | 1822 | 21 | Foreign Affairs |
29 | Immigration and Naturalization | 1893 | 15 | Judiciary |
30 | Indian Affairs | 1821 | 19 | Natural Resources |
31 | Industrial Arts and Expositions | 1903 | 16 | Foreign Affairs |
32 | Insular Affairs | 1899 | 21 | Natural Resources |
33 | Interstate and Foreign Commerce | 1795 (1892) | 21 | Energy and Commerce |
34 | Invalid Pensions | 1831 | 16 | Veterans' Affairs |
35 | Irrigation of Arid Lands | 1893 | 13 | Natural Resources |
36 | Judiciary | 1813 | 21 | Judiciary |
37 | Labor | 1883 | 13 | Education and the Workforce |
38 | Merchant Marine and Fisheries | 1887 | 21 | ... |
39 | Mileage | 1837 | 5 | House Administration |
40 | Military Affairs | 1822 | 21 | Armed Services |
41 | Mines and Mining | 1865 | 14 | Natural Resources |
42 | Naval Affairs | 1822 | 21 | Armed Services |
43 | Patents | 1837 | 14 | Judiciary |
44 | Pensions | 1880 | 15 | Veterans' Affairs |
45 | Post Office and Post Roads | 1808 | 21 | Oversight and Government Reform |
46 | Public Buildings and Grounds | 1837 | 20 | Transportation and Infrastructure |
47 | Public Lands | 1805 | 21 | Natural Resources |
48 | Railways and Canals | 1831 (1869) | 14 | Transportation and Infrastructure |
49 | Reform in the Civil Service | 1893 | 13 | Oversight and Government Reform |
50 | Revision of Laws | 1868 | 13 | Judiciary |
51 | Rivers and Harbors | 1883 | 21 | Transportation and Infrastructure |
52 | Roads | 1913 | 21 | Transportation and Infrastructure |
53 | Rules | 1880 | 12 | Rules |
54 | Territories | 1825 | 17 | Natural Resources |
55 | War Claims | 1825 (1873) | 15 | Judiciary |
56 | Ways and Means | 1802 | 25 | Ways and Means |
57 | Woman Suffrage | 1917 | 13 | ... |
Joint Committees (House standing committee members only) | ||||
Jt 1 | Library Joint | 1806 | 5 | House Administration |
Jt 2 | Printing Joint | 1846 | 3 | House Administration |
List of Representatives by seniority
A numerical rank is assigned to each of the 435 members initially elected to the 66th Congress. Other members, who joined the House during the Congress, are not assigned a number.
Two Representatives-elect died and one resigned before the Congress started. Two died and two resigned after the legal start of the term but before Congress convened. In addition the House did not permit Victor L. Berger (Soc-WI) to take the seat to which he was elected. The list below includes those Representatives-elect (with names in italics), with the seniority they would have held if they had been able to be sworn in.
Major party designations used in this article are D for Democratic members and R for Republican representatives. Other designations include Ind for Independent, Proh for Prohibition, Soc for Socialist and UL for Union Labor.
Rank | Representative | Party | District | Seniority date | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Twenty-two non-consecutive terms | |||||
1 | Joseph G. Cannon | R | IL-18 | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1873–91 and 1893–1913 while in the House. |
Fourteen consecutive terms | |||||
2 | Frederick H. Gillett | R | MA-2 | March 4, 1893 | Dean of the House. Speaker of the House. |
Thirteen non-consecutive terms | |||||
3 | James B. (Champ) Clark | D | MO-9 | March 4, 1897 | Previously served 1893–95 while in the House. Minority Leader. Died on March 2, 1921 while still serving in the House. |
Twelve consecutive terms | |||||
4 | Thomas S. Butler | R | PA-7 | March 4, 1897 | Independent Republican, 1897–99. Chairman: Naval Affairs |
5 | Edward L. Hamilton | R | MI-4 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
6 | James R. Mann | R | IL-2 | Chairman: Woman Suffrage | |
7 | John A. Moon | D | TN-3 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
8 | Thetus W. Sims | D | TN-8 | ||
9 | William S. Greene | R | MA-15 | May 31, 1898 | Chairman: Merchant Marine and Fisheries |
Twelve non-consecutive terms | |||||
10 | Frank W. Mondell | R | WY-al | March 4, 1899 | Previously served 1895–97 while in the House. Majority Leader. |
Eleven consecutive terms | |||||
11 | John L. Burnett | D | AL-7 | March 4, 1899 | Died, as Representative-elect: May 13, 1919 |
12 | John J. Esch | R | WI-7 | Chairman: Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Last term while serving in the House. | |
13 | Joseph W. Fordney | R | MI-8 | Chairman: Ways and Means | |
14 | Gilbert N. Haugen | R | IA-4 | Chairman: Agriculture | |
15 | William W. Rucker | D | MO-2 | ||
16 | John H. Small | D | NC-1 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
Ten consecutive terms | |||||
17 | Ezekiel S. Candler, Jr. | D | MS-1 | March 4, 1901 | Last term while serving in the House. |
18 | Henry D. Flood | D | VA-10 | ||
19 | Claude Kitchin | D | NC-2 | ||
20 | Lemuel P. Padgett | D | TN-7 | ||
21 | Edward W. Pou | D | NC-4 | ||
22 | Asbury F. Lever | D | SC-7 | November 5, 1901 | Resigned on August 1, 1919 while still serving in the House. |
23 | Carter Glass | D | VA-6 | November 4, 1902 | Resigned as Representative-elect, December 16, 1918 |
Ten non-consecutive terms | |||||
24 | Julius Kahn | R | CA-4 | March 4, 1905 | Previously served 1899–1903. Chairman: Military Affairs. |
Nine consecutive terms | |||||
25 | Philip P. Campbell | R | KS-3 | March 4, 1903 | Chairman: Rules |
26 | Charles R. Davis | R | MN-3 | ||
27 | John N. Garner | D | TX-15 | ||
28 | Benjamin G. Humphreys | D | MS-3 | ||
29 | Moses P. Kinkaid | R | NE-6 | Chairman: Irrigation of Arid Lands | |
30 | Henry T. Rainey | D | IL-20 | Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
31 | Halvor Steenerson | R | MN-9 | Chairman: Post Office and Post Roads | |
32 | Andrew J. Volstead | R | MN-7 | Chairman: Judiciary | |
33 | Edwin Y. Webb | D | NC-9 | Resigned, to become US District Judge: November 10, 1919 | |
34 | J. Thomas Heflin | D | AL-5 | May 19, 1904 | Resigned November 1, 1920 |
Nine non-consecutive terms | |||||
35 | William A. Rodenberg | R | IL-22 | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1899–1901 and 1903–13 while in the House. Chairman: Flood Control. |
36 | Daniel J. Riordan | D | NY-11 | November 6, 1906 | Previously served 1899–1901 while in the House. |
Eight consecutive terms | |||||
37 | Thomas M. Bell | D | GA-9 | March 4, 1905 | |
38 | Frank Clark | D | FL-2 | ||
39 | Finis J. Garrett | D | TN-9 | ||
40 | Gordon Lee | D | GA-7 | ||
41 | Martin B. Madden | R | IL-1 | ||
42 | John T. Watkins | D | LA-4 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
43 | J. Hampton Moore | R | PA-3 | November 6, 1906 | Resigned on January 4, 1920 while still serving in the House. |
44 | Edward W. Saunders | D | VA-5 | Resigned on February 29, 1920 while still serving in the House. | |
Eight non-consecutive terms | |||||
45 | Charles E. Fuller | R | IL-12 | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1903–13 while in the House. Chairman: Invalid Pensions. |
46 | Henry M. Goldfogle | D | NY-12 | March 4, 1919 | Previously served 1901–15 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House. |
47 | Nicholas Longworth | R | OH-1 | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1903–13 while in the House. |
48 | Isaac R. Sherwood | D | OH-9 | March 4, 1907 | Previously served (R) 1873–75 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress. |
49 | William W. Wilson | R | IL-3 | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1903–13 while in the House. Last term. |
50 | Charles F. Booher | D | MO-4 | March 4, 1907 | Previously served February 19-March 3, 1889 while in the House. Died on January 21, 1921 while still serving in the House. |
Seven consecutive terms | |||||
51 | Joshua W. Alexander | D | MO-3 | March 4, 1907 | Resigned, to become Secretary of Commerce: December 15, 1919 |
52 | William A. Ashbrook | D | OH-17 | Last term while serving in the House until 74th Congress | |
53 | Hannibal L. Godwin | D | NC-6 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
54 | James A. Hamill | D | NJ-12 | ||
55 | Rufus Hardy | D | TX-6 | ||
56 | Willis C. Hawley | R | OR-1 | ||
57 | Harvey Helm | D | KY-8 | Died, as Representative-elect, March 3, 1919 | |
58 | Cordell Hull | D | TN-4 | Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
59 | Ben Johnson | D | KY-4 | ||
60 | Charles A. Kennedy | R | IA-1 | Chairman: Rivers and Harbors. Last term while serving in the House. | |
61 | John W. Langley | R | KY-10 | Chairman: Public Buildings and Grounds | |
62 | James C. McLaughlin | R | MI-9 | ||
63 | Adolph J. Sabath | D | IL-5 | ||
64 | Daniel R. Anthony, Jr. | R | KS-1 | May 23, 1907 | |
65 | Charles C. Carlin | D | VA-8 | November 5, 1907 | Resigned, as Representative-elect: March 3, 1919 |
66 | Charles D. Carter | D | OK-3 | November 16, 1907 | |
67 | Scott Ferris | D | OK-6 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
68 | C. Bascom Slemp | R | VA-9 | December 17, 1907 | |
69 | Albert Estopinal | D | LA-1 | November 3, 1908 | Died, as Representative-elect: April 28, 1919 |
Seven non-consecutive terms | |||||
70 | Burton L. French | R | ID-1 | March 4, 1917 | Previously served 1903–09 and 1911–15 while in the House. |
71 | William B. McKinley | R | IL-19 | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1905–13 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House. |
72 | Harry C. Woodyard | R | WV-4 | November 7, 1916 | Previously served 1903–11 while in the House. |
Six consecutive terms | |||||
73 | Joseph W. Byrns | D | TN-6 | March 4, 1909 | |
74 | J. Campbell Cantrill | D | KY-7 | ||
75 | James W. Collier | D | MS-8 | ||
76 | S. Hubert Dent, Jr. | D | AL-2 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
77 | Thomas Gallagher | D | IL-8 | ||
78 | James W. Good | R | IA-5 | Chairman: Appropriations | |
79 | William W. Griest | R | PA-9 | ||
80 | Dick T. Morgan | R | OK-8 | Died on July 4, 1920 while serving in the House. | |
81 | William A. Oldfield | D | AR-2 | ||
82 | Thomas U. Sisson | D | MS-4 | ||
83 | Edward T. Taylor | D | CO-4 | ||
84 | Robert Y. Thomas, Jr. | D | KY-3 | ||
85 | Clement C. Dickinson | D | MO-6 | February 1, 1910 | Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress |
86 | H. Garland Dupré | D | LA-2 | November 8, 1910 | |
Six non-consecutive terms | |||||
87 | Benjamin K. Focht | R | PA-17 | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1907–13 while in the House. Chairman: War Claims. |
88 | James McAndrews | D | IL-6 | March 4, 1913 | Previously served 1901–05 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House until 74th Congress. |
Five consecutive terms | |||||
89 | Sydney Anderson | R | MN-1 | March 4, 1911 | |
90 | Fred L. Blackmon | D | AL-4 | Died on February 8, 1921 while still serving in the House. | |
91 | James F. Byrnes | D | SC-2 | ||
92 | Ira C. Copley | R | IL-11 | Progressive 1915–17 while in the House. | |
93 | Frank E. Doremus | D | MI-1 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
94 | Robert L. Doughton | D | NC-8 | ||
95 | William J. Fields | D | KY-9 | ||
96 | William S. Goodwin | D | AR-7 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
97 | Edward E. Holland | D | VA-2 | ||
98 | Henderson M. Jacoway | D | AR-5 | ||
99 | J. Charles Linthicum | D | MD-4 | ||
100 | James P. Maher | D | NY-7 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
101 | John C. McKenzie | R | IL-13 | ||
102 | Luther W. Mott | R | NY-32 | ||
103 | Stephen G. Porter | R | PA-29 | Chairman: Foreign Affairs | |
104 | John E. Raker | D | CA-2 | ||
105 | Arthur B. Rouse | D | KY-6 | ||
106 | Thomas L. Rubey | D | MO-16 | Last term while still serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
107 | Thomas J. Scully | D | NJ-3 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
108 | Sam R. Sells | R | TN-1 | Chairman: Pensions. Last term. | |
109 | John M. C. Smith | R | MI-3 | Chairman: Labor. Last term until seated in 67th Congress. | |
110 | Charles M. Stedman | D | NC-5 | ||
111 | Hubert D. Stephens | D | MS-2 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
112 | Horace M. Towner | R | IA-8 | Republican Conference Chairman. Chairman: Insular Affairs. | |
113 | James Young | D | TX-3 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
114 | William R. Green | R | IA-9 | June 5, 1911 | |
115 | Leonidas C. Dyer | R | MO-12 | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1911-June 19, 1914 while in the House. |
116 | William J. Browning | R | NJ-1 | November 7, 1911 | Died on March 24, 1920 while still serving in the House. |
117 | Carl T. Hayden | D | AZ-al | February 19, 1912 | |
118 | William S. Vare | R | PA-1 | May 24, 1912 | |
119 | Frank L. Greene | R | VT-1 | July 30, 1912 | |
120 | Samuel M. Taylor | D | AR-6 | January 15, 1913 | |
Five non-consecutive terms | |||||
121 | John Q. Tilson | R | CT-3 | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1909–13 while in the House. |
122 | Charles R. Crisp | D | GA-3 | March 4, 1913 | Previously served December 19, 1896–97 while in the House. |
Four consecutive terms | |||||
123 | James B. Aswell | D | LA-8 | March 4, 1913 | |
124 | Alben W. Barkley | D | KY-1 | ||
125 | Frederick A. Britten | R | IL-9 | ||
126 | Edward E. Browne | R | WI-8 | ||
127 | Clement L. Brumbaugh | D | OH-12 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
128 | Thaddeus H. Caraway | D | AR-1 | ||
129 | John F. Carew | D | NY-18 | ||
130 | Louis C. Cramton | R | MI-7 | ||
131 | Charles F. Curry | R | CA-3 | Chairman: Territories | |
132 | Peter J. Dooling | D | NY-15 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
133 | Thomas B. Dunn | R | NY-38 | Chairman: Roads | |
134 | John J. Eagan | D | NJ-11 | Last term while still serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
135 | Joe H. Eagle | D | TX-8 | Last term while still serving in the House until 72nd Congress | |
136 | George W. Edmonds | R | PA-4 | Chairman: Claims | |
137 | John M. Evans | D | MT-1 | Last term while still serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
138 | Simeon D. Fess | R | OH-7 | Chairman: Education | |
139 | James A. Frear | R | WI-10 | ||
140 | Warren Gard | D | OH-3 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
141 | George S. Graham | R | PA-2 | ||
142 | William L. Igoe | D | MO-11 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
143 | Albert Johnson | R | WA-3 | Chairman: Immigration and Naturalization | |
144 | Patrick H. Kelley | R | MI-6 | ||
145 | Ambrose Kennedy | R | RI-3 | ||
146 | William Kettner | D | CA-11 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
147 | Edgar R. Kiess | R | PA-15 | ||
148 | Aaron S. Kreider | R | PA-18 | Chairman: Expenditures in the Interior Department | |
149 | Ladislas Lazaro | D | LA-7 | ||
150 | John V. Lesher | D | PA-16 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
151 | Carl E. Mapes | R | MI-5 | Chairman: District of Columbia | |
152 | Andrew J. Montague | D | VA-3 | ||
153 | John M. Morin | R | PA-31 | ||
154 | John I. Nolan | R | CA-5 | Chairman: Patents | |
155 | James S. Parker | R | NY-29 | ||
156 | Michael F. Phelan | D | MA-7 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
157 | Edmund Platt | R | NY-26 | Chairman: Banking and Currency. Resigned on June 7, 1920 while still serving in the House. | |
158 | Percy E. Quin | D | MS-7 | ||
159 | J. Willard Ragsdale | D | SC-6 | Died on July 23, 1919 while still serving in the House. | |
160 | Sam Rayburn | D | TX-4 | ||
161 | John J. Rogers | R | MA-5 | ||
162 | Nicholas J. Sinnott | R | OR-2 | Chairman: Public Lands | |
163 | Addison T. Smith | R | ID-2 | Chairman: Alcohol Liquor Traffic | |
164 | Hatton W. Sumners | D | TX-5 | ||
165 | Joseph B. Thompson | D | OK-5 | Died on September 18, 1919 while still serving in the House. | |
166 | Allen T. Treadway | R | MA-1 | ||
167 | Walter A. Watson | D | VA-4 | Died on December 24, 1919 while still serving in the House. | |
168 | Otis T. Wingo | D | AR-4 | ||
169 | Samuel E. Winslow | R | MA-4 | ||
170 | George M. Young | R | ND-2 | ||
171 | James P. Buchanan | D | TX-10 | April 15, 1913 | |
172 | Richard S. Whaley | D | SC-1 | April 29, 1913 | Last term while serving in the House. |
173 | John A. Peters | R | ME-3 | September 9, 1913 | |
174 | Matthew M. Neely | D | WV-1 | October 14, 1913 | Last term while serving in the House until 79th Congress |
175 | Charles P. Coady | D | MD-3 | November 4, 1913 | Last term while serving in the House. |
176 | Calvin D. Paige | R | MA-3 | ||
177 | Frank Park | D | GA-2 | ||
178 | James A. Gallivan | D | MA-12 | April 7, 1914 | |
179 | Henry W. Temple | R | PA-24 | November 2, 1915 | Previously served (Progressive) 1913–15 while in the House. |
180 | Carl Vinson | D | GA-10 | November 3, 1914 | |
Four non-consecutive terms | |||||
181 | Thomas S. Crago | R | PA-al | March 4, 1915 | Previously served 1911–13 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House until seated in 67th Congress. |
182 | John F. Fitzgerald | D | MA-10 | March 4, 1919 | Previously served 1895–1901 while in the House. Unseated, after election challenge: October 23, 1919. |
183 | William E. Mason | R | IL-al | March 4, 1917 | Previously served 1887–91 while in the House. |
Three consecutive terms | |||||
184 | Edward B. Almon | D | AL-8 | March 4, 1915 | |
185 | William A. Ayres | D | KS-8 | Last term while still serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
186 | Isaac Bacharach | R | NJ-2 | ||
187 | Eugene Black | D | TX-1 | ||
188 | C. Pope Caldwell | D | NY-2 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
189 | John G. Cooper | R | OH-19 | ||
190 | Peter E. Costello | R | PA-5 | Last term while still serving in the House. | |
191 | Porter H. Dale | R | VT-2 | Chairman: Expenditures in the Treasury Department | |
192 | Frederick W. Dallinger | R | MA-8 | Chairman: Elections No. 1 | |
193 | George P. Darrow | R | PA-6 | ||
194 | S. Wallace Dempsey | R | NY-40 | ||
195 | Edward E. Denison | R | IL-25 | ||
196 | Arthur G. Dewalt | D | PA-13 | Democratic Caucus Chairman. Last term while serving in the House. | |
197 | Cassius C. Dowell | R | IA-7 | Chairman: Elections No. 3 | |
198 | Franklin Ellsworth | R | MN-2 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
199 | John A. Elston | R | CA-6 | Progressive 1915–17; Republican and Progressive candidate: 1916 election. Chairman: Mileage.[6] | |
200 | Henry I. Emerson | R | OH-22 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
201 | Richard P. Freeman | R | CT-2 | ||
202 | Harry L. Gandy | D | SD-3 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
203 | Mahlon M. Garland | R | PA-al | Chairman: Mines and Mining. Died on November 19, 1920 while still serving in the House. | |
204 | James P. Glynn | R | CT-5 | ||
205 | Lindley H. Hadley | R | WA-2 | ||
206 | Reuben L. Haskell | R | NY-10 | Chairman: Expenditures in the Navy Department. Resigned on December 31, 1919 while still serving in the House. | |
207 | William W. Hastings | D | OK-2 | Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
208 | Frederick C. Hicks | R | NY-1 | ||
209 | George Huddleston | D | AL-9 | ||
210 | Harry E. Hull | R | IA-2 | ||
211 | James W. Husted | R | NY-25 | ||
212 | Elijah C. Hutchinson | R | NJ-4 | ||
213 | W. Frank James | R | MI-12 | ||
214 | Royal C. Johnson | R | SD-2 | ||
215 | Charles C. Kearns | R | OH-6 | ||
216 | David H. Kincheloe | D | KY-2 | ||
217 | Edward J. King | R | IL-15 | ||
218 | Frederick R. Lehlbach | R | NJ-10 | Chairman: Reform in the Civil Service | |
219 | Walter W. Magee | R | NY-35 | ||
220 | Whitmell P. Martin | D | LA-3 | Progressive 1915–19 | |
221 | James H. Mays | D | UT-2 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
222 | Clifton N. McArthur | R | OR-3 | ||
223 | James V. McClintic | D | OK-7 | ||
224 | Roscoe C. McCulloch | R | OH-16 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
225 | Louis T. McFadden | R | PA-14 | Chairman: Banking and Currency (1920) | |
226 | Merrill Moores | R | IN-7 | ||
227 | Sydney E. Mudd II | R | MD-5 | ||
228 | Charles A. Nichols | R | MI-13 | Chairman: Census. Died April 25, 1920. | |
229 | William B. Oliver | D | AL-6 | ||
230 | Richard Olney II | D | MA-14 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
231 | C. William Ramseyer | R | IA-6 | ||
232 | Charles H. Randall | Proh | CA-9 | Prohibition. Last term while serving in the House. | |
233 | C. Frank Reavis | R | NE-1 | ||
234 | Frederick W. Rowe | R | NY-6 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
235 | Rollin B. Sanford | R | NY-28 | ||
236 | Thomas D. Schall | R | MN-10 | ||
237 | Frank D. Scott | R | MI-11 | ||
238 | William J. Sears | D | FL-4 | ||
239 | Isaac Siegel | R | NY-20 | Chairman: Census (1920) | |
240 | Homer P. Snyder | R | NY-33 | Chairman: Indian Affairs | |
241 | Henry B. Steagall | D | AL-3 | ||
242 | Henry J. Steele | D | PA-26 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
243 | Walter R. Stiness | R | RI-2 | ||
244 | Burton E. Sweet | R | IA-3 | ||
245 | John N. Tillman | D | AR-3 | ||
246 | Charles B. Timberlake | R | CO-2 | ||
247 | George H. Tinkham | R | MA-11 | ||
248 | Carl Van Dyke | D | MN-4 | Died on May 20, 1919 while still serving in the House. | |
249 | Joseph Walsh | R | MA-16 | ||
250 | Charles B. Ward | R | NY-27 | ||
251 | Edward H. Wason | R | NH-2 | ||
252 | Henry W. Watson | R | PA-8 | ||
253 | Loren E. Wheeler | R | IL-21 | Chairman: Railways and Canals | |
254 | Thomas S. Williams | R | IL-24 | Chairman: Expenditures in the Commerce Department | |
255 | Riley J. Wilson | D | LA-5 | ||
256 | James W. Wise | D | GA-6 | ||
257 | William R. Wood | R | IN-10 | ||
258 | Samuel J. Nicholls | D | SC-4 | September 14, 1915 | Last term while serving in the House. |
259 | Norman J. Gould | R | NY-36 | November 2, 1915 | |
260 | Bertrand H. Snell | R | NY-31 | ||
261 | William W. Venable | D | MS-5 | January 4, 1916 | Last term while serving in the House. |
262 | George M. Bowers | R | WV-2 | May 9, 1916 | |
263 | Thomas W. Harrison | D | VA-7 | November 7, 1916 | |
Three non-consecutive terms | |||||
264 | John J. Casey | D | PA-11 | March 4, 1919 | Previously served 1913–17 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress |
265 | M. Clyde Kelly | R | PA-30 | March 4, 1917 | Previously served (Republican) 1913–15 while in the House. Progressive 1917–19. |
266 | Augustine Lonergan | D | CT-1 | Previously served 1913–15 while in the House. Last term until 72nd Congress while serving in the House. | |
267 | Edward E. Robbins | R | PA-22 | Previously served 1897–99 while in the House. Died, as Representative-elect: January 25, 1919. | |
268 | James W. Overstreet | D | GA-1 | Previously served October 3, 1906–07 while in the House. | |
Two consecutive terms | |||||
269 | William B. Bankhead | D | AL-10 | March 4, 1917 | |
270 | Oscar E. Bland | R | IN-2 | Chairman: Industrial Arts and Expositions | |
271 | Thomas L. Blanton | D | TX-17 | ||
272 | Charles H. Brand | D | GA-8 | First elected January 11, 1917 (before the start of the 65th Congress) [7] | |
273 | Guy E. Campbell | D | PA-32 | ||
274 | David G. Classon | R | WI-9 | ||
275 | Tom T. Connally | D | TX-11 | ||
276 | Gilbert A. Currie | R | MI-10 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
277 | Frederick H. Dominick | D | SC-3 | ||
278 | Herbert J. Drane | D | FL-1 | ||
279 | Louis W. Fairfield | R | IN-12 | ||
280 | Hubert F. Fisher | D | TN-10 | ||
281 | Alvan T. Fuller | R | MA-9 | Independent Republican 1917–19. Resigned on January 5, 1921 while still serving in the House. | |
282 | Louis B. Goodall | R | ME-1 | Chairman: Elections No. 2. Last term while serving in the House. | |
283 | William J. Graham | R | IL-14 | Chairman: Expenditures in the War Department | |
284 | Ira G. Hersey | R | ME-4 | Chairman: Expenditures on Public Buildings | |
285 | Clifford C. Ireland | R | IL-16 | Chairman: Accounts | |
286 | John M. Jones | D | TX-18 | ||
287 | Niels Juul | R | IL-7 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
288 | Harold Knutson | R | MN-6 | Majority Whip | |
289 | Milton Kraus | R | IN-11 | ||
290 | Fiorello H. La Guardia | R | NY-14 | Resigned on December 31, 1919 while still serving in the House. Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
291 | William W. Larsen | D | GA-12 | ||
292 | Clarence F. Lea | D | CA-1 | ||
293 | Edward C. Little | R | KS-2 | Chairman: Revision of Laws | |
294 | Joseph J. Mansfield | D | TX-9 | ||
295 | Thomas D. McKeown | D | OK-4 | Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
296 | John F. Miller | R | WA-1 | ||
297 | Henry Z. Osborne | R | CA-10 | ||
298 | Fred S. Purnell | R | IN-9 | ||
299 | John R. Ramsey | R | NJ-6 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
300 | Stuart F. Reed | R | WV-3 | ||
301 | Leonidas D. Robinson | D | NC-7 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
302 | Milton A. Romjue | D | MO-1 | Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
303 | John M. Rose | R | PA-19 | ||
304 | Archie D. Sanders | R | NY-39 | ||
305 | Everett Sanders | R | IN-5 | ||
306 | Jared Y. Sanders, Sr. | D | LA-6 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
307 | William F. Stevenson | D | SC-5 | First elected February 21, 1917 (before the start of the 65th Congress) [8] | |
308 | Nathan L. Strong | R | PA-27 | ||
309 | Christopher D. Sullivan | D | NY-13 | ||
310 | Albert H. Vestal | R | IN-8 | Chairman: Coinage, Weights and Measures | |
311 | Edward Voigt | R | WI-2 | ||
312 | Milton H. Welling | D | UT-1 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
313 | Benjamin F. Welty | D | OH-4 | ||
314 | Wallace H. White, Jr. | R | ME-2 | Chairman: Expenditures in the Justice Department | |
315 | James C. Wilson | D | TX-12 | Resigned, as Representative-elect, to become US District Judge: March 3, 1919 | |
316 | Frederick N. Zihlman | R | MD-6 | Chairman: Expenditures in the Post Office Department | |
317 | Zebulon Weaver | D | NC-10 | March 4, 1919 | Previously served 1917-March 1, 1919 while in the House. |
318 | Thomas F. Smith | D | NY-16 | April 12, 1917 | Last term while serving in the House. |
319 | Sherman E. Burroughs | R | NH-1 | May 29, 1917 | |
320 | Richard N. Elliott | R | IN-6 | June 29, 1917 | Chairman: Expenditures in the State Department |
321 | John M. Baer | R | ND-1 | July 20, 1917 | Chairman: Expenditures in the Agriculture Department. Last term while serving in the House. |
322 | Willfred W. Lufkin | R | MA-6 | November 6, 1917 | |
323 | Schuyler Merritt | R | CT-4 | ||
324 | William C. Wright | D | GA-4 | January 16, 1918 | |
325 | William E. Cleary | D | NY-8 | March 5, 1918 | Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress |
326 | Jerome F. Donovan | D | NY-21 | Last term while serving in the House. | |
327 | Anthony J. Griffin | D | NY-22 | ||
328 | John W. Rainey | D | IL-4 | April 2, 1918 | |
329 | S. Otis Bland | D | VA-1 | July 2, 1918 | |
330 | Carville D. Benson | D | MD-2 | November 5, 1918 | Last term while serving in the House. |
331 | Martin L. Davey | D | OH-14 | Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
332 | Florian Lampert | R | WI-6 | Chairman: Election of President, Vice President and Representatives | |
333 | Adolphus P. Nelson | R | WI-11 | ||
334 | James P. Woods | D | VA-6 | February 25, 1919 | |
Two non-consecutive terms | |||||
335 | William E. Andrews | R | NE-5 | March 4, 1919 | Previously served 1895–97 while in the House. |
336 | Victor L. Berger | Soc | WI-5 | Previously served 1911–13 while in the House. Representative-elect declared not entitled to take oath and seat declared vacant November 10, 1919. | |
337 | Benigno C. Hernández | R | NM-al | Previously served 1915–17 while in the House. Last term. | |
338 | Willis J. Hulings | R | PA-28 | Previously served (Progressive) 1913–15 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House. | |
339 | Marion E. Rhodes | R | MO-13 | Previously served 1905–07 while in the House. | |
340 | Edwin D. Ricketts | R | OH-11 | Previously served 1915–17 while in the House. | |
341 | Milton W. Shreve | R | PA-25 | Previously served 1913–15 while in the House. | |
342 | Anderson H. Walters | R | PA-al | Previously served 1913–15 while in the House. Chairman: Expenditures in the Labor Department. | |
One term | |||||
343 | Ernest R. Ackerman | R | NJ-5 | March 4, 1919 | |
344 | William N. Andrews | R | MD-1 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
345 | John J. Babka | D | OH-21 | ||
346 | Henry E. Barbour | R | CA-7 | ||
347 | Carlos Bee | D | TX-14 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
348 | James T. Begg | R | OH-13 | ||
349 | John S. Benham | R | IN-4 | ||
350 | William T. Bland | D | MO-5 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
351 | William D. Boies | R | IA-11 | ||
352 | John C. Box | D | TX-2 | ||
353 | Clay S. Briggs | D | TX-7 | ||
354 | Samuel M. Brinson | D | NC-3 | ||
355 | Edward S. Brooks | R | PA-20 | ||
356 | Edwin B. Brooks | R | IL-23 | ||
357 | Clark Burdick | R | RI-1 | ||
358 | William J. Burke | R | PA-al | ||
359 | William L. Carss | UL | MN-8 | Union Labor. Only term while serving in the House until 69th Congress | |
360 | Carl R. Chindblom | R | IL-10 | ||
361 | Charles A. Christopherson | R | SD-1 | ||
362 | R. Clint Cole | R | OH-8 | ||
363 | Frank Crowther | R | NY-30 | ||
364 | Thomas H. Cullen | D | NY-4 | ||
365 | Ewin L. Davis | D | TN-5 | ||
366 | Lester J. Dickinson | R | IA-10 | ||
367 | James W. Dunbar | R | IN-3 | ||
368 | Leonard S. Echols | R | WV-6 | Chairman: Expenditures in the Navy Department (1920) | |
369 | Charles R. Evans | D | NV-al | Only term while serving in the House. | |
370 | Robert E. Evans | R | NE-3 | ||
371 | Israel M. Foster | R | OH-10 | ||
372 | James V. Ganly | D | NY-24 | Only term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
373 | Wells Goodykoontz | R | WV-5 | ||
374 | Guy U. Hardy | R | CO-3 | ||
375 | Edward D. Hays | R | MO-14 | ||
376 | Hugh S. Hersman | D | CA-8 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
377 | Andrew J. Hickey | R | IN-13 | ||
378 | William H. Hill | R | NY-34 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
379 | Homer Hoch | R | KS-4 | ||
380 | Alanson B. Houghton | R | NY-37 | ||
381 | Everette B. Howard | D | OK-1 | Only term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
382 | Claude B. Hudspeth | D | TX-16 | ||
383 | Albert W. Jefferis | R | NE-2 | ||
384 | Paul B. Johnson, Sr. | D | MS-6 | ||
385 | John B. Johnston | D | NY-5 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
386 | Evan J. Jones | R | PA-21 | ||
387 | Samuel A. Kendall | R | PA-23 | ||
388 | John C. Kleczka | R | WI-4 | ||
389 | William C. Lankford | D | GA-11 | ||
390 | Caleb R. Layton | R | DE-al | ||
391 | Robert Luce | R | MA-13 | ||
392 | Oscar R. Luhring | R | IN-1 | ||
393 | John MacCrate | R | NY-3 | Resigned on December 30, 1920 while still serving in the House. | |
394 | Clarence MacGregor | R | NY-41 | ||
395 | Samuel C. Major | D | MO-7 | Only term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
396 | Cornelius A. McGlennon | D | NJ-8 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
397 | John McDuffie | D | AL-1 | ||
398 | Richard F. McKiniry | D | NY-23 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
399 | Patrick McLane | D | PA-10 | Unseated after election contest: February 25, 1921. Only term while serving in the House. | |
400 | Melvin O. McLaughlin | R | NE-4 | ||
401 | Isaac V. McPherson | R | MO-15 | ||
402 | James M. Mead | D | NY-42 | ||
403 | Earl C. Michener | R | MI-2 | ||
404 | Daniel F. Minahan | D | NJ-9 | Only term while serving until 68th Congress | |
405 | James G. Monahan | R | WI-3 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
406 | Charles A. Mooney | D | OH-20 | ||
407 | C. Ellis Moore | R | OH-15 | ||
408 | B. Frank Murphy | R | OH-18 | ||
409 | William L. Nelson | D | MO-8 | Only term while serving in the House until 69th Congress | |
410 | Cleveland A. Newton | R | MO-10 | ||
411 | Walter H. Newton | R | MN-5 | ||
412 | David J. O'Connell | D | NY-9 | Only term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
413 | Charles F. Ogden | R | KY-5 | ||
414 | Lucian W. Parrish | D | TX-13 | ||
415 | Herbert C. Pell, Jr. | D | NY-17 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
416 | Amos H. Radcliffe | R | NJ-7 | ||
417 | Clifford E. Randall | R | WI-1 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
418 | John Reber | R | PA-12 | ||
419 | Daniel A. Reed | R | NY-43 | ||
420 | Carl W. Riddick | R | MT-2 | ||
421 | John M. Robsion | R | KY-11 | ||
422 | Joseph Rowan | D | NY-19 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
423 | James H. Sinclair | R | ND-3 | ||
424 | Frank L. Smith | R | IL-17 | Only term while serving in the House. | |
425 | John H. Smithwick | D | FL-3 | ||
426 | Ambrose E.B. Stephens | R | OH-2 | ||
427 | James G. Strong | R | KS-5 | ||
428 | John W. Summers | R | WA-4 | ||
429 | J. Will Taylor | R | TN-2 | ||
430 | Charles J. Thompson | R | OH-5 | ||
431 | Jasper N. Tincher | R | KS-7 | ||
432 | William D. Upshaw | D | GA-5 | ||
433 | William N. Vaile | R | CO-1 | ||
434 | J. Stanley Webster | R | WA-5 | ||
435 | Hays B. White | R | KS-6 | ||
436 | John H. Wilson | D | PA-22 | Special election before start of the term. Only term. | |
437 | Richard Yates | R | IL-al | ||
Members joining the House, after the start of the Congress | |||||
... | Fritz G. Lanham | D | TX-12 | April 19, 1919 | Special election |
... | R. Walton Moore | D | VA-8 | April 27, 1919 | |
... | James O'Connor | D | LA-1 | June 5, 1919 | |
... | Oscar E. Keller | Ind R | MN-4 | July 1, 1919 | Special election. Independent Republican. |
... | King Swope | R | KY-8 | August 1, 1919 | Special election. Only term while serving in the House. |
... | Lilius B. Rainey | D | AL-7 | September 30, 1919 | Special election |
... | Philip H. Stoll | D | SC-6 | October 7, 1919 | |
... | Edward C. Mann | D | SC-7 | Special election. Only term while serving in the House. | |
... | Peter F. Tague | D | MA-10 | October 23, 1919 | Previously served 1915–19 while in the House. Seated after election contest. |
... | John W. Harreld | R | OK-5 | November 8, 1919 | Special election. Only term while serving in the House. |
... | Clyde R. Hoey | D | NC-9 | December 16, 1919 | |
... | Victor L. Berger | Soc | WI-5 | December 19, 1919 | Previously served 1911–13 and March 4-November 10, 1919 while in the House. Special election. Representative-elect declared not entitled to take seat (January 10, 1920) and seat declared vacant February 25, 1921. Last term while serving in the House until 68th Congress |
... | Jacob L. Milligan | D | MO-3 | February 14, 1920 | Special election. Only term while serving in the House until 68th Congress |
... | Patrick H. Drewry | D | VA-4 | April 27, 1920 | Special election |
... | Rorer A. James | D | VA-5 | June 1, 1920 | |
... | Hamilton Fish III | R | NY-26 | November 2, 1920 | |
... | Clarence J. McLeod | R | MI-13 | Special election. Only term while serving in the House until 68th Congress | |
... | Francis F. Patterson, Jr. | R | NJ-1 | Special election | |
... | Nathan D. Perlman | R | NY-14 | ||
... | Harry C. Ransley | R | PA-3 | ||
... | Charles Swindall | R | OK-8 | Special election. Only term while serving in the House. | |
... | Lester D. Volk | R | NY-10 | Special election | |
... | William B. Bowling | D | AL-5 | December 14, 1920 | |
... | John R. Farr | R | PA-10 | February 25, 1921 | Previously served 1911–19 while in the House. Seated after election contest. Last term while serving in the House. |
Non voting members | |||||
a | Jonah K. Kalaniana'ole | R | HI-al | March 4, 1903 | Territorial Delegate |
b | Jaime C. De Veyra | N | PI-al | March 4, 1917 | Resident Commissioner. Nationalist Party (PI). |
c | Teodoro R. Yangco | N | PI-al | Resident Commissioner. Nationalist Party (PI). Served to March 3, 1920. | |
d | Félix Córdova Dávila | U | PR-al | August 7, 1917 | Resident Commissioner. Unionist Party (PR). |
e | Charles A. Sulzer | D | AK-al | March 4, 1919 | Territorial Delegate. Previously served 1917-January 7, 1919. Died, as Delegate-elect: April 28, 1919. |
f | Isauro Gabaldon | N | PI-al | March 4, 1920 | Resident Commissioner. Nationalist Party (PI). |
g | George B. Grigsby | D | AK-al | June 3, 1920 | Territorial Delegate. Unseated after election contest: March 1, 1921. |
h | James Wickersham | R | AK-al | March 1, 1921 | Territorial Delegate. Previously served 1909–17 and January 7-March 3, 1919. Seated after election contest. Last term until 72nd Congress. |
See also
- 66th United States Congress
- List of United States congressional districts
- List of United States Senators in the 66th Congress by seniority
References
^ Delegates are non-voting members and Representatives are voting members of the United States House of Representatives.
^ 112th Congress official House seniority list
^ Congress at the Crossroads, pp. 186-189 and see Cannon's Precedents, Volume VIII (8), Chapter CCXXXIV (234) for the rules and precedents applied by the House after 1910
^ Nelson W. Polsby, "The Growth of the Seniority System in the U.S. House of Representatives" American Political Science Review 63.3 (1970):787-807
^ Based on Rule X Organisation of Committees, in the House Rules and Manual for the current congress. For numbers of committee members, see section 2183 of Cannon's Precedents Volume VIII (8), Chapter CCXXXIV (234). For establishment of standing committees see [1]
^ United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997 page 409. Classified as a Republican from the 65th Congress by the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997 page 417. Not a candidate at the special election, on the same day, for the 64th Congress (page 406).
^ United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997 page 417. Not a candidate at the special election, on the same day, for the 64th Congress (page 406).
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov.
Cannon's Precedents (U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access) [2]
Congress at the Crossroads, by George B. Galloway (Thomas Y. Crowell Company 1946)
United States Congressional Elections 1788–1997, by Michael J. Dubin (McFarland and Company 1998) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ISBN 0-7864-0283-0