Trochidae









































Trochidae

Trochus tiaratus.JPG
A shell of Coelotrochus tiaratus

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda

Clade:
Vetigastropoda
Order:
Trochida
Superfamily:
Trochoidea
Family:
Trochidae
Rafinesque, 1815
Subfamilies

9 subfamilies[1]



The Trochidae, common name top-snails or top-shells, are a taxonomic family of very small to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi from 2005).


This family is commonly known as the "top-snails" because in many species the shell resembles a toy spinning top.




Contents






  • 1 Anatomy


  • 2 Description


  • 3 Habitat


  • 4 Distribution


  • 5 Ecology


    • 5.1 Life cycle


    • 5.2 Feeding behavior




  • 6 Taxonomy


    • 6.1 2005 taxonomy


    • 6.2 2008 taxonomy


    • 6.3 2010 taxonomy




  • 7 Genera


  • 8 Unassigned


  • 9 References


  • 10 External links





Anatomy


The animal is similar in general form to the Turbinidae. The top snails are characterized by some primitive traits: a heart with two atria. They have retained only one kidney and the second osphradium has been lost in the course of evolution. The mantle cavity contains a single gill.


Along the side of the foot are three or more pairs of sensory epipodial tentacles. The head has a short, broad rostrum. The intertentacular lobes are simple or digitated, separate or united across the front, sometimes obsolete. The jaws are developed or absent.[2]


The radula is rhipidoglossate. The rhachidian teeth are always present and well-developed. The lateral teeth generally number 5 on each side, sometimes more numerous. The marginal teeth are narrow and very numerous.



Description


The length of an adult shell varies between 5 mm and 130 mm. There is also a wide variation in the shape of the shell. This goes from low auriform (ear-shaped) with a wide aperture to the long, slender conical forms of typical top shells. The shape may also be subglobose, turbinate or helicoid. Their height may vary between 3 mm and 152 mm. The shell contains only a few whorls. These have a highly variable exterior, ranging from smooth or glossy to sculptured.


The internal shell is nacreous. They have a brown, entirely corneous, circular, multispiral operculum which fits the aperture snugly. The operculum is formed of numerous gradually increasing whorls with a central nucleus. The aperture may be entire, tetragonal or rounded and has no reflected lip. The peristome is generally not continuous.


These shells are often brightly colored and adorned with darker bands.


The Trochidae differ from the Turbinidae in having a corneous, never calcareous, operculum, which is always multispiral.[2]



Habitat


Most species in the family live either in the intertidal zone or in the shallow subtidal zone, but some live in deeper water. They are usually abundant on solid, suitable substrates, like rocky shores and reefs.[3]



Distribution


This family has a worldwide distribution in tropical, temperate and arctic waters. Members of this family are among the most common marine snails along the rocky shores of Europe.



Ecology



Life cycle


The Trochidae are dioecious, and the fertilization occurs externally by the release of eggs and sperm.[3] Top snail eggs are laid individually or in gelatinous egg masses in the water. Individuals may hatch as free-swimming planktonic larvae or juvenile crawlers with a short swimming stage.[3]



Feeding behavior


This family of snails consists of herbivores, grazing with their radulae on rocky surfaces, feeding on algae and vegetable detritus, and more rarely by filter-feeding, as observed in the genus Umbonium.[3]



Taxonomy



2005 taxonomy


This family consists of six following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):



  • Trochinae Rafinesque, 1815

    • tribe Trochini Rafinesque, 1815 - synonym: Pyramidinae Gray, 1847

    • tribe Cantharidini Gray, 1857

    • tribe Monodontini Gray, 1857 - synonym: Gibbulinae Stoliczka, 1868




  • Halistilynae Keen, 1958


  • Lirulariinae Hickman & McLean, 1990


  • Margaritinae Thiele, 1924

    • tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)

    • tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990

    • tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993




  • Stomatellinae Gray, 1840 - synonyms: Stomatiidae Carpenter, 1861, Stomatellidae Gray, 1840

  • Umboniinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 (1840)

    • tribe Umboniini H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 (1840) - synonym: Rotellinae Swainson, 1840

    • tribe Bankiviini Hickman & McLean, 1990

    • tribe Isandini Hickman, 2003

    • tribe Talopiini Finlay, 1928 - synonym: Monileini Hickman & McLean, 1990





2008 taxonomy


The family Trochidae was redefined according to Williams et al. (2008).[4] The tribes from Trochinae were raised to subfamilies,[4]Margaritinae was moved to the family Turbinidae,[4] and Halistylinae provisionally stays in Trochidae.[4]



  • Trochinae Rafinesque, 1815


  • Cantharidinae Gray, 1857


  • Monodontinae Gray, 1857

  • Halistylinae Keen, 1958

  • Lirulariinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

  • Stomatellinae Gray, 1840

  • Umboniinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 (1840) - tribes of Umboniinae are retained the same as in taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)

    • tribe Umboniini H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 (1840) - synonym: Rotellinae Swainson, 1840

    • tribe Bankiviini Hickman & McLean, 1990

    • tribe Isandini Hickman, 2003

    • tribe Talopiini Finlay, 1928 - synonym: Monileini Hickman & McLean, 1990





2010 taxonomy


Williams et al. (2010)[1] added three new subfamilies to Trochidae : Alcyninae, Fossarininae and Chrysostomatinae. The subfamily Lirulariinae is now incorporated within the subfamily Umboniinae. In this study was also shown that the subfamily Margaritinae is not monophyletic.
Here is also shown, which genera were placed into these three new subfamilies:[1]



  • subfamily Alcyninae Williams, Donald, Spencer & Nakano, 2010 - only one genus Alcyna

  • subfamily Trochinae Rafinesque, 1815

  • subfamily Monodontinae Gray, 1857

  • subfamily Fossarininae Bandel, 2009

  • subfamily Chrysostomatinae Williams, Donald, Spencer & Nakano, 2010

    • genus Chrysostoma

    • genus Chlorodiloma



  • subfamily Umboniinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 (1840) - synonym: Lirulariinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

  • subfamily Stomatellinae Gray, 1840

  • subfamily Cantharidinae Gray, 1857

  • subfamily Halistylinae Keen, 1958



Genera


Genera within the family Trochidae include:


Alcyninae Williams, Donald, Spencer & Nakano, 2010


  • Alcyna A. Adams, 1860 - type genus of the subfamily Alcyninae, it is also the only genus in this subfamily

Cantharidinae Gray, 1857



  • Agagus Jousseaume, 1894


  • Calliotrochus P. Fischer, 1879


  • Calthalotia Iredale, 1929 [5]


  • Cantharidella Pilsbry, 1889[6]


  • Cantharidoscops Galkin, 1955


  • Cantharidus Montfort, 1810[7]


  • Clelandella Winkworth, 1932 - Clelandella is a junior synonym of Jujubinus Monterosato, 1884 according to Backeljau (1986) and Vaught (1989).[8]


  • Gibbula Risso, 1826[9]


  • Jujubinus Monterosato, 1884[10]


  • Kanekotrochus Habe, 1958


  • Komaitrochus Kuroda & Iw. Taki, 1958


  • Nanula Thiele, 1924


  • Odontotrochus P. Fischer, 1880


  • Oxystele Philippi, 1847[11]


  • Pagodatrochus Herbert, 1989


  • Phasianotrochus Fischer, 1885


  • Phorcus Risso, 1826 [12]


  • Pictodiloma Habe, 1946


  • Priotrochus P. Fischer, 1879


  • Prothalotia Thiele, 1930


  • Pseudotalopia Habe, 1961[13]


  • Thalotia Gray, 1840[14]


  • Tosatrochus MacNeil, 1961


  • Trochinella Iredale, 1937



Genera brought into synonymy





  • Aphanotrochus Martens, 1880: synonym of Priotrochus P. Fischer, 1879


  • Caragolus Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Phorcus Risso, 1826


  • Elenchus Swainson, 1840: synonym of Cantharidus Montfort, 1810


  • Gibbulastra Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Gibbula Risso, 1826


  • Korenia Friele, 1877: synonym of Gibbula Risso, 1826


  • Limax Martyn, 1784: synonym of Cantharidus Montfort, 1810


  • Mawhero Marshall, 1998: synonym of Cantharidus Montfort, 1810


  • Micrelenchus Finlay, 1926: synonym of Cantharidus Montfort, 1810


  • Osilinus Philippi, 1847:[15] synonym of Phorcus Risso, 1826


  • Phorculus Cossmann, 1888: synonym of Gibbula Risso, 1826


  • Plumbelenchus Finlay, 1926: synonym of Cantharidus Montfort, 1810


  • Scrobiculinus Monterosato, 1889: synonym of Gibbula Risso, 1826


  • Steromphala Gray, 1847: synonym of Gibbula Risso, 1826


  • Strigosella Sacco, 1896: synonym of Gibbula Risso, 1826


  • Trochocochlea Mörch, 1852: synonym of Phorcus Risso, 1826


Chrysostomatinae Williams, Donald, Spencer & Nakano, 2010



  • Chlorodiloma Pilsbry, 1889


  • Chrysostoma Swainson, 1840



Genus brought into synonymy




  • Latona Hutton, 1884: synonym of Chlorodiloma Pilsbry, 1889

Fossarininae Bandel, 2009



  • Broderipia Gray, 1847


  • Clydonochilus P. Fischer, 1890 - probable placement by Williams et al. (2010)[1]


  • Fossarina A. Adams & Angas, 1864


  • Minopa Iredale, 1924 - probable placement by Williams et al. (2010)[1]


  • Synaptocochlea Pilsbry, 1890[16]

  • "Roya" eximia



Genera brought into synonymy




  • Minos Hutton, 1884: synonym of Fossarina A. Adams & Angas, 1864

Halistylinae Keen, 1958



  • Botelloides Strand, 1928


  • Charisma Hedley, 1915


  • Halistylus Dall, 1890



Genus brought into synonymy




  • Botellus Iredale, 1924: synonym of Botelloides Strand, 1928

Kaiparathininae B. A. Marshall, 1993


  • Kaiparathina Laws, 1941

Monodontinae Gray, 1857



  • Austrocochlea P. Fischer, 1885


  • Diloma Philippi, 1845[17]


  • Monodonta Lamarck, 1799



Genera brought into synonymy





  • Anisodiloma Finlay, 1926: synonym of Diloma Philippi, 1845


  • Cavodiloma Finlay, 1926: synonym of Diloma Philippi, 1845


  • Fractarmilla Finlay, 1926: synonym of Diloma Philippi, 1845


  • Melagraphia Gray, 1847: synonym of Diloma Philippi, 1845


  • Neodiloma P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Diloma Philippi, 1845


  • Neomonodonta Kuroda & Habe, 1971: synonym of Monodonta Lamarck, 1799


  • Zediloma Finlay, 1926: synonym of Diloma Philippi, 1845


Stomatellinae Gray, 1840



  • Microtis H. Adams & A. Adams, 1850


  • Pseudostomatella Thiele, 1921[18]


  • Stomatella Lamarck, 1816[19]


  • Stomatia Helbling, 1779 [20]


  • Stomatolina Iredale, 1937 [21]



Genera brought into synonymy





  • Gena Gray, 1840:[22] synonym of Stomatella Lamarck, 1816


  • Plocamotis P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Stomatella Lamarck, 1816


  • Stomax Montfort, 1810: synonym of Stomatia Helbling, 1779



Trochinae Rafinesque, 1815

(synonym: Pyramidinae Gray, 1847)




  • Clanculus Montfort, 1810[23]


  • Coelotrochus P. Fischer, 1879


  • Eurytrochus P. Fischer, 1879


  • Infundibulops Pilsbry, 1889: accepted as Trochus (Infundibulops) Pilsbry, 1889 represented as Trochus Linnaeus, 1758


  • Infundibulum Montfort, 1810


  • Notogibbula Iredale, 1924


  • Pulchrastele Iredale, 1929


  • Rubritrochus L. Beck, 1995


  • Trochus Linnaeus, 1758



Genera brought into synonymy





  • Camelotrochus B. A. Marshall, 1998: synonym of Trochus (Camelotrochus) B. A. Marshall, 1998 represented as Trochus Linnaeus, 1758


  • Carinidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Infundibulum Montfort, 1810


  • Clangulus Blainville, 1817: synonym of Clanculus Montfort, 1810


  • Colliculus Monterosato, 1888: synonym of Gibbula Risso, 1826


  • Fragella Swainson, 1840: synonym of Clanculus Montfort, 1810


  • Infundibulops Pilsbry, 1889: synonym of Trochus (Infundibulops) Pilsbry, 1889 represented as Trochus Linnaeus, 1758


  • Lamprostoma Swainson, 1840: synonym of Trochus Linnaeus, 1758


  • Otavia Risso, 1826: synonym of Clanculus Montfort, 1810


  • Polydonta Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Trochus Linnaeus, 1758


  • Thorista Iredale, 1915: synonym of Coelotrochus P. Fischer, 1879


  • Thoristella Iredale, 1915: synonym of Coelotrochus P. Fischer, 1879


Umboniinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 - synonyms: Lirulariinae, tribe Bankiviini, tribe Isandini, tribe Talopiini and tribe Umboniini.


Main characteristics: eyes pedunculate; left tentacle attached to a frontal appendage; mantle reflected over the edge of the aperture; radula: six lateral teeth on each side; the shel is polished; the peristome is incomplete; the umbilicus is generally closed by a callosity [24]




  • Antisolarium Finlay, 1927


  • Bankivia Beck In Krauss, 1848


  • Camitia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854


  • Conotalopia Iredale, 1929


  • Ethalia H. & A. Adams, 1854[25]


  • Ethaliella Pilsbry, 1905[26]


  • Ethminolia Iredale, 1924[27]


  • Inkaba Herbert, 1992


  • Isanda H. Adams and A. Adams, 1854[28]


  • Leiopyrga H. Adams & A. Adams, 1863


  • Lirularia Dall, 1909[29]


  • Monilea Swainson, 1840[30]


  • Parminolia Iredale, 1929


  • Pseudominolia Herbe, 1992[31]


  • Rossiteria Brazier, 1895[32]


  • Sericominolia Kuroda & Habe, 1954


  • Talopena Iredale, 1918


  • Umbonium Link, 1807[33]


  • Vanitrochus[34]


  • Zethalia Finlay, 1926



Genera brought into synonymy





  • Globulus Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Umbonium Link, 1807


  • Liotrochus Fischer, 1878: synonym of Ethalia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854


  • Monilia: synonym of Monilea Swainson, 1840


  • Rotella Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Umbonium Link, 1807


  • Solanderia P. Fischer, 1879: synonym of Rossiteria Brazier, 1895


  • Suchium Makiyama, 1924: synonym of Umbonium Link, 1807



Other genera within the family Trochidae include:[35][36][37]



Unassigned




  • Callistele Cotton & Godfrey, 1935


  • Callumbonella Thiele, 1924[38]


  • Enida A. Adams, 1860


  • Labio Gray, 1850


  • Omphalomargarites Habe & Ito, 1965


  • Paraclanculus Finlay, 1926

  • † Periaulax Cossmann, 1888


  • Tallorbis G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869


  • Umbonella A. Adams, 1863



Genera brought into synonymy





  • Intortia Egorova, 1972: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915


  • Umbotrochus Thiele, 1924: synonym of Callumbonella Thiele, 1924



References


  • Williams S.T., Donald K.M., Spencer H.G. & Nakano T. (2010) Molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families Trochidae and Calliostomatidae (Mollusca: Superfamily Trochoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54:783-809




  1. ^ abcde Williams S. T., Donald K. M., Spencer H. G. & Nakano, T. (2010). "Molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families Trochidae and Calliostomatidae (Mollusca: Superfamily Trochoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54(3): 783-809. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.008


  2. ^ ab Tryon (1889), Manual of Conchology XI, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia


  3. ^ abcd Poutiers, J. M. (1998). Gastropods in: FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1. Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome, FAO, 1998. page 399.


  4. ^ abcd Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". Zoologica Scripta 37(5): 483-506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x


  5. ^ Bouchet, P. (2010). Calthalotia Iredale, 1929. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2010-10-31


  6. ^ WoRMS (2009). Cantharidella Pilsbry, 1889. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species;2010-04-29


  7. ^ WoRMS (2010). Cantharidus Montfort, 1810. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204763 on 2010-04-29


  8. ^ WoRMS (2009). Clelandella Winkworth, 1932. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138588 on 2010-04-29


  9. ^ WoRMS (2009). Gibbula Risso, 1826. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138590 on 2010-04-29


  10. ^ WoRMS (2010). Jujubinus Monterosato, 1884. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138591 on 2010-04-29


  11. ^ WoRMS (2009). Oxystele Philippi, 1847. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204998 on 2010-04-29


  12. ^ Gofas, S. (2009). Phorcus. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138595 on 2010-04-30


  13. ^ WoRMS (2010). Pseudotalopia Habe, 1961. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456499 on 2010-04-30


  14. ^ WoRMS (2009). Thalotia Gray, 1840. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225463 on 2010-04-30


  15. ^ WoRMS (2009). Osilinus Philippi, 1847. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138594 on 2010-04-29


  16. ^ WoRMS (2010). Synaptocochlea Pilsbry, 1890. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225460 on 2010-04-30


  17. ^ WoRMS (2009). Diloma. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=391149 on 2010-04-29


  18. ^ WoRMS (2009). Pseudostomatella Thiele, 1921. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205955 on 2010-04-30


  19. ^ WoRMS (2009). Stomatella Lamarck, 1816. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180896 on 2010-04-30


  20. ^ WoRMS (2009). Stomatia. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206609 on 2010-04-30


  21. ^ WoRMS (2010). Stomatolina. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=203940 on 2010-04-30


  22. ^ WoRMS (2009). Gena Gray, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204526 on 2010-04-30


  23. ^ WoRMS (2009). Clanculus Montfort, 1810. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138587 on 2010-04-22


  24. ^ Harmer & Shipley, The Cambridge natural history v. 3 (1895)


  25. ^ WoRMS (2009). Ethalia H. & A. Adams, 1854. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=391536 on 2010-04-29


  26. ^ WoRMS (2009). Ethaliella Pilsbry, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413461 on 2010-04-29


  27. ^ WoRMS (2010). Ethminolia Iredale, 1924. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=298153 on 2010-04-29


  28. ^ WoRMS (2009). Isanda H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205323 on 2010-04-29


  29. ^ WoRMS (2009). Lirularia Dall, 1909. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413459 on 2010-04-29


  30. ^ WoRMS (2010). Monilea Swainson, 1840. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.eu/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206049 on 2010-04-29


  31. ^ WoRMS (2009). Pseudominolia Herbe, 1992. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180893 on 2010-04-30


  32. ^ WoRMS (2009). Rossiteria. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=391537 on 2010-04-29


  33. ^ WoRMS (2009). Umbonium Link, 1807. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205005 on 2010-04-29


  34. ^ WoRMS (2009). Vanitrochus. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=391538 on 2010-04-29


  35. ^ Checklist of Mollusca Archived 2007-02-21 at the Wayback Machine.


  36. ^ "Trochidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  37. ^ Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
    ISBN 0-00-216906-1


  38. ^ WoRMS (2009). Callumbonella Thiele, 1924. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138586 on 2010-04-29




External links



  • Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.












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Steve Gadd

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For other people named Steve Gadd, see Steve Gadd (disambiguation). Steve Gadd Gadd at Bodø Jazz Open, 2014 Background information Birth name Stephen Kendall Gadd Born ( 1945-04-09 ) April 9, 1945 (age 73) Irondequoit, New York, U.S. Genres Jazz post-bop jazz fusion rock blues R&B Occupation(s) Musician, drummer, percussionist and session musician Instruments Drums, percussion Years active 1968–present Website www.drstevegadd.com Stephen Kendall Gadd (born April 9, 1945 [1] ) is an American drummer, percussionist, and session musician. Gadd is one of the most well-known and highly regarded session and studio drummers in the industry, recognized by his induction into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1984. [2] Gadd's performance on Paul Simon's "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" and Steely Dan's "Aja" are examples of his style. He has worked with popular musicians from many genres including Simon ...
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Подольск

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Подольск (значения) . Не следует путать с Подольском  — городом в Одесской области Украины. Город Подольск Флаг Герб 55°25′47″ с. ш. 37°32′40″ в. д. H G Я O Страна Россия   Россия Субъект Федерации Московская область Городской округ Подольск Глава Николай Игоревич Пестов История и география Основан 1627 [2] Первое упоминание 1559 Город с 1781 года Площадь 40,39 км² Высота центра 160 м Тип климата умеренно-континентальный Часовой пояс UTC+3 Население Население ↗ 302 831 [1]  человек ( 2018 ) Плотность 7497,67 чел./км² Национальности русские и другие Конфессии Православные христиане Этнохороним подольча́не, подольча́нин, подольча́нка Цифровые идентификаторы Телефонный код +7 4967 Почтовые индексы 142100—142134 Код ОКАТО 46 460 Код ОКТМО 46 760 000 001 Прочее Карта города Карта Н...
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Лира (музыкальный инструмент)

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Лира. Лира Аполлон с лирой, ок. 460 до н. э. Археологический музей в Дельфах. Классификация Струнный инструмент, Хордофон Родственные инструменты Арфа  Лира на Викискладе Ли́ра (др.-греч. λύρα , лат.  lyra ) — старинный струнный щипковый инструмент (хордофон). Содержание 1 Лира в античности 1.1 Общая характеристика 1.2 Этос и функционирование лиры 2 Другие значения термина 3 Рецепция 4 Примечания 5 Литература Лира в античности | Общая характеристика | В Древней Греции и Древнем Риме словом лира в широком смысле обозначался любой инструмент семейства лир — хе́лис (др.-греч. χέλυς , лат.  chelys, chelis букв. черепаха), ба́рбит (др.-греч. βάρβιτον, βάρβιτος , лат.  barbitos, barbitus ), фо́рминга (др.-греч. φόρμιγξ ), или кифара (др.-греч. κιθάρα , лат.  cithara ). В узком смысле лирой назывался хелис — простейшая и самая лёгкая по весу из лир, с корпусом из панци...
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